各位朋友、大家好!
我在上一篇文章說過、要學好英文的第一重點就是讀通文法;而英文文法中、很重要的一個項目是動詞;英文的動詞會因時間、状態、和語氣的不同而有變化、不像中文、動詞不論任何狀況都是一樣。
今天先介紹英文動詞因事情發生的時間不同、而需要的變化内容、也就是所謂的時態(tense).
英文時態有:現在式、過去式、未来式、進行式、完成式…等等、下面開始說明現在式的主要用法:
1) 表達“ 恒常性"
我在上一篇文章說過、要學好英文的第一重點就是讀通文法;而英文文法中、很重要的一個項目是動詞;英文的動詞會因時間、状態、和語氣的不同而有變化、不像中文、動詞不論任何狀況都是一樣。
今天先介紹英文動詞因事情發生的時間不同、而需要的變化内容、也就是所謂的時態(tense).
英文時態有:現在式、過去式、未来式、進行式、完成式…等等、下面開始說明現在式的主要用法:
1) 表達“ 恒常性"
這個用法、通常没有時間限制、也就是說、在時間軸上它没有截止點、它包含過去、現在、未来;它往往是一種重複性的動作或事件、從過去到現在、甚至未来都會重複發生。兹舉兩大類如下:
a)一般性真理、這包含自然科學和人文學科的定律與原則。
The earth revolves around the sun
(地球繞著太陽旋轉)
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
(太陽從東邊升起,從西邊下降)
People get angry easily when they're hungry.
(人在飢餓狀態下容易生氣)
b)習性。這包含國家、社區、團體及個人的習慣性行為。
The English frequently drink tea in the afternoon.(英國人常在下午喝茶)
The members of our club play tennis once a week.(我們的俱樂部會員一星期打一次網球)
I always take umbrella with me when it rains.
(下雨時、我總是帶著雨傘)
以上例句都内含頻率副詞、下面的例句則無:
Englishmen drink tea in the afternoon.
The members of our club play tennis.
I take my umbrella with me when it rains.
2)表達" 現在之狀態 "
很多非動作性動詞(non-action verbs)都是這個用法、尤其是表達"狀態"、"情況"的動詞、其内容一般是連續性的、没有起點或終點的限制。有五類動詞、兹介紹細項如下:
a )連綴動詞(linking verb), Be, seem, appear, look.
She seems to be very tired today.
(她今天好像很累)
He is an intelligent man
(他是個有智慧的人)
b)Verbs of perception(感官動詞)
(i)Feel, taste, smell , 當作不及物動詞来用:
The medicine tastes bitter.
(這個藥吃了會很苦)
Her skin feels smooth
(她的皮膚摸起來是光滑的)
若當作及物動詞、則必須用現在進行式来表示當前的動作、例句如下:
The cook is tasting the soup.
(那個㕑師在嚐喝湯)
He is feeling the surface of the table.
(他在觸摸桌子的表面)
(ii) See, hear. 做為及物動詞来用
I hear music coming from the other room.
但是I am listening to the radio.
From this window they see everything that goes on in the street.
但是We are watching ( looking at)all the people who are passing by.
大家注意到了、hear 和see 用現在式来表達“現在“、而listen to, watch, look at, 卻用現在進行式来表達"現在"、可能的理由是see 和hear 經由人體感官、非意志性的接受了外部的信息、而listen to, watch, look at是要花些精力的意志性的行為。
(iii) 表示心理狀態的動詞。如:agree, believe, consider, guess, hesitate, imagine, know, prefer, realize, remember,suppose, trust, want,wish. 這些動詞一般後面都接"that 名詞子句" 或不定詞或動名詞片語。
I hope that you can come.
We hope to go there next week.
(iv) 表達各類"情感" 的動詞、Admire, appreciate, care,like, love, regret,trust.
We love each other very much.
(他在觸摸桌子的表面)
(ii) See, hear. 做為及物動詞来用
I hear music coming from the other room.
但是I am listening to the radio.
From this window they see everything that goes on in the street.
但是We are watching ( looking at)all the people who are passing by.
大家注意到了、hear 和see 用現在式来表達“現在“、而listen to, watch, look at, 卻用現在進行式来表達"現在"、可能的理由是see 和hear 經由人體感官、非意志性的接受了外部的信息、而listen to, watch, look at是要花些精力的意志性的行為。
(iii) 表示心理狀態的動詞。如:agree, believe, consider, guess, hesitate, imagine, know, prefer, realize, remember,suppose, trust, want,wish. 這些動詞一般後面都接"that 名詞子句" 或不定詞或動名詞片語。
I hope that you can come.
We hope to go there next week.
(iv) 表達各類"情感" 的動詞、Admire, appreciate, care,like, love, regret,trust.
We love each other very much.
He admire his father more than he will admit.
I appreciate a good meal.
(v)其他種類的非動作性動詞、包括:belong,contain,depend,equal,have,hold,indicate,mean,need,owe, require,resemble,tend.
We need more chairs.
I owe him ten dollars.
This jar contains honey.
(vi) "説話"和"傳達"之類的動詞。
He says that he cannot come tonight.
We suggest that you take warm clothes with you.
3) 表達"未来"事件。
(i)一些動詞如:come, go, arrive, depart 等等、可以用現在式来表達未来事件、但通常句子需要加帶未来時副詞。
The plane leaves tomorrow morning.
飛機將於明早離開。(明天早晨才會發生的事)
I arrive in Hong Kong on Sunday.
我會在星期天抵達香港。(現在還没到達香港)
(ii)在時間子句和條件子句裡的動詞、也是以現在式来表達未来事件。
He will take a vacation in Europe after he graduates from college.(他現在還没畢業)
If I finish my work early enough, I'll go to the movies tonight.(他現在還沒做完工作)
(iii) 簡潔宣佈未来的活動時、也是用現在式来表達“未来”。
Our club gives its annual dinner next week.
The boat races take place tomorrow.
The play begins a ten-week run next Saturday.
4) 用現在式来表達歷史當代場景或故事情節的摘要。
The king addresses the soldiers and asks them to fight bravely for their country.
Goldilocks enters the room, sees three bowls of porridge on the table, and goes over to taste the food.
5)舞台狀況說明也用現在式来表達。
Mary walks to the window and waves good-bye to her departing guests.
I appreciate a good meal.
(v)其他種類的非動作性動詞、包括:belong,contain,depend,equal,have,hold,indicate,mean,need,owe, require,resemble,tend.
We need more chairs.
I owe him ten dollars.
This jar contains honey.
(vi) "説話"和"傳達"之類的動詞。
He says that he cannot come tonight.
We suggest that you take warm clothes with you.
3) 表達"未来"事件。
(i)一些動詞如:come, go, arrive, depart 等等、可以用現在式来表達未来事件、但通常句子需要加帶未来時副詞。
The plane leaves tomorrow morning.
飛機將於明早離開。(明天早晨才會發生的事)
I arrive in Hong Kong on Sunday.
我會在星期天抵達香港。(現在還没到達香港)
(ii)在時間子句和條件子句裡的動詞、也是以現在式来表達未来事件。
He will take a vacation in Europe after he graduates from college.(他現在還没畢業)
If I finish my work early enough, I'll go to the movies tonight.(他現在還沒做完工作)
(iii) 簡潔宣佈未来的活動時、也是用現在式来表達“未来”。
Our club gives its annual dinner next week.
The boat races take place tomorrow.
The play begins a ten-week run next Saturday.
4) 用現在式来表達歷史當代場景或故事情節的摘要。
The king addresses the soldiers and asks them to fight bravely for their country.
Goldilocks enters the room, sees three bowls of porridge on the table, and goes over to taste the food.
5)舞台狀況說明也用現在式来表達。
Mary walks to the window and waves good-bye to her departing guests.
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